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Essential Fish Habitat
Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. T. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Implementing regulations clarified that marine environments include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate includes the associated biological neighborhoods that make these areas suitable for fish habitats, and the description and identification of EFH should include habitats used any time during the species' life spiral.|2| EFH contains all types of aquatic habitat, such as wetlands, coral reefs, sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH using the best available scientific details. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed types to date.|4| The main purpose of EFH regulations is usually to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non sportfishing impacts on EFH to the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Take action was amended to establish a brand new requirements to identify and identify EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the main benefit of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act provides jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine seafood species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries when ever their actions or activities may adversely affect environment identified by federal territorial fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On Dec 19, 1997, interim last rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. sixty two, No . 244) which specify procedures for implementation of the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These kinds of rules were amended by publication of final rules about January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management approach (FMP) amendment, and details the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Affects from certain fishing methods and coastal and underwater development and may alter, harm, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal companies work together to minimize these hazards.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable affects on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, along with, evaluating how well every single fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed types. As new FMPs are developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be defined.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, minimize to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing about EFH, and identify different actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies can easily avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions in the habitat of federally handled commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, licenses, or carry out activities which may adversely affect EFH are required to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an analysis of all actions or recommended actions authorized, funded, or perhaps undertaken by the agency that may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Preservation recommendations.|19| These types of Conservation Recommendations provide information on steer clear of, minimize, mitigate, or offset those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if any of these recommendations have not been followed.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of sportfishing gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may comment on and make recommendations to the state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Office (SERO), West Coast Territorial Office (WCRO), Alaska Local Office (AKRO), and Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State firms and private landowners are not instructed to consult with NMFS. EFH consultations are required if the federal government provides authorized, funded, or done part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely have an impact on EFH.|24| Negatively affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, chemical or biological alterations on the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to species and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction in the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Home areas of particular concern or HAPCs are considered high goal areas for conservation, administration, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit attention because they meet in least one of the following 5 criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a habitat type that is/will end up being stressed by development;
include a habitat type that is uncommon.|27|
Current HAPCs consist of important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, among other areas of interest. HAPCs happen to be afforded the same regulatory security as EFH and do not rule out activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Essential Fish Habitat is selected for all federally managed fish under the MSA whereas Crucial Habitat is designated meant for the survival and restoration of species listed as threatened or endangered underneath the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical g?te include areas occupied by threatened or endangered kinds that include physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is definitely designated as critical during the time a species is listed under the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are different in terms of designation and rules, but they may overlap for certain species such as salmon.|32|
Habitat characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures root the water surface, and marine community structures. These g?te are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental an environment structure begins with crud. Erosion is stabilized by submerged aquatic vegetation. You will find two main types of bottoms, hard and delicate.|33| A study by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom environment types (vegetated marsh border, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) pertaining to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the research showed that brown prawn selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and so they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges after they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teen brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom gives hard complex vertical composition for attachment of a sponge, seaweed, and coral, which support a diverse reef fish community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, various fin-fishes, alga, and sponges. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are usually a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft bottoms are not protected even though they could be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Features that affect soft bottom in relation to organisms that make use of them include sediment hemp size, salinity, dissolved oxygen and flow.
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